>>> import os
>>> import os.path
>>> os.rename('C:\\dfg.txt',
'D:\\test2.txt') #rename()可以实现文件的改名和移动
>>> [fname for fname in os.listdir('.')if fname.endswith(('.pyc','.py','.pyw'))] #结果略
>>> os.getcwd() #返回当前工作目录'C:\\Python35'
>>> os.mkdir(os.getcwd()+'\\temp') #创建目录
>>> os.makedirs(os.getcwd()+'\\temp', exist_ok=True) 
#可以递归创建
>>> os.chdir(os.getcwd()+'\\temp') #改变当前工作目录
>>> os.getcwd()
'C:\\Python35\\temp'
>>> os.mkdir(os.getcwd()+'\\test')
>>> os.listdir('.')
['test']
>>> os.rmdir('test') #删除目录
>>> os.listdir('.')
[]
>>> os.environ.get('path') #获取系统变量path的值
>>> import time
>>> time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime(os.stat('yilaizhuru2.py').st_ctime))#查看文件创建时间
'2016-10-18 15:58:57'
>>> os.startfile('notepad.exe') #启动记事本程序

from os import listdir
from os.path import join, isfile, isdir
def listDirDepthFirst(directory):
'''深度优先遍历文件夹'''
#遍历文件夹，如果是文件就直接输出
#如果是文件夹，就输出显示，然后递归遍历该文件夹
for subPath in listdir(directory):
    path = join(directory, subPath)
    if isfile(path):
        print(path)
    elif isdir(path):
        print(path)
        listDirDepthFirst(path)

>>> import shutil #导入shutil模块
>>> shutil.copyfile('C:\\dir.txt','C:\\dir1.txt') #复制文件

>>> shutil.make_archive('D:\\a','zip','C:\\Python35',
'Dlls')
'D:\\a.zip'

>>> shutil.unpack_archive('D:\\a.zip','D:\\a_unpack')

>>> from shutil import copytree, ignore_patterns
>>> copytree('C:\\python35\\test','D:\\des_test'ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc','新*'))

from string import ascii_letters
from os import listdir, rename
from os.path import splitext, join
from random import choice, randint
def randomFilename(directory):
for fn in listdir(directory):
    #切分，得到文件名和扩展名
    name, ext = splitext(fn)
    n = randint(5, 20)
    #生成随机字符串作为新文件名
    newName = ''.join((choice(ascii_letters) for i in range(n)))
    #修改文件名
    rename(join(directory, fn), join(directory, newName+ext))
randomFilename('C:\\test')

import os
totalSize = 0
fileNum = 0
dirNum = 0
def visitDir(path):
global totalSize
    global fileNum
    global dirNum
    for lists in os.listdir(path):
        sub_path = os.path.join(path, lists)
        if os.path.isfile(sub_path):
            fileNum = fileNum+1 #统计文件数量
            totalSize = totalSize+os.path.getsize(sub_path) #统计文件总大小
        elif os.path.isdir(sub_path):
            dirNum = dirNum+1 #统计文件夹数量
visitDir(sub_path) #递归遍历子文件夹

def main(path):
    if not os.path.isdir(path):
        print('Error:"', path,'" is not a directory or does notexist.')
        return
    visitDir(path)
def sizeConvert(size): #单位换算
    K, M, G = 1024, 1024**2, 1024**3
    if size >= G:
        return str(size/G)+'G Bytes'
    elif size >= M:
        return str(size/M)+'M Bytes'
    elif size >= K:
        return str(size/K)+'K Bytes'
    else:
        return str(size)+'Bytes'

def output(path):
    print('The total size of '+path+' is:'+sizeConvert(totalSize)+'('+str(totalSize)+' Bytes)')
    print('The total number of files in '+path+' is:',fileNum)
    print('The total number of directories in '+path+' is:',dirNum)
if __name__=='__main__':
    path = 'C:\\text_dir'
    main(path)
    output(path)

from os.path import isdir, join, splitext
from os import remove, listdir, chmod, stat
filetypes = ('.tmp', '.log', '.obj', '.txt') #指定要删除的文件类型
def delCertainFiles(directory):
    if not isdir(directory):
        return
    for filename in listdir(directory):
        temp = join(directory, filename)
        if isdir(temp):
            delCertainFiles(temp) #递归调用
        elif splitext(temp)[1] in filetypes or stat(temp).st_size==0:
            chmod(temp, 0o777) #修改文件属性，获取删除权限
            remove(temp) #删除文件
            print(temp, ' deleted....')
delCertainFiles(r'C:\test')

open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None,newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)

f1 = open( 'file1.txt','r' ) # 以读模式打开文件
f1.close()

with open(filename, mode, encoding) as fp:

s ='Hello world\n我永远喜欢鹿乃\nmikudaisuki\n'
with open('sample.txt','w') as fp: #默认使用cp936编码
    fp.write(s)
with open('sample.txt') as fp: #默认使用cp936编码
    print(fp.read())

with open('sample.txt') as fp: #假设文件采用CP936编码
    for line in fp: #文件对象可以直接迭代
        print(line)

with open('data.txt','r') as fp:
    data = fp.readlines() #读取所有行，存入列表
data = [int(item) for item in data] #列表推导式，转换为数字
data.sort(reverse=True) #降序排序
data = [str(item)+'\n' for item in data] #将结果转换为字符串
with open('data_desc.txt','w') as fp: #将结果写入文件
    fp.writelines(data)

with open('sample.txt') as fp:
    result = [0,'']
    for line in fp:
        t = len(line)
        if t > result[0]:
            result = [t, line]
print(result)

# 写入
import pickle
data = ("胡桃", 2333, [1, 2, 3])
with open('sample_pickle.dat', 'wb') as f:
    try:
        pickle.dump(len(data), f) #要序列化的对象个数
        for item in data:
            pickle.dump(item, f) #序列化数据并写入文件
    except:
        print('写文件异常')
# 读取
with open('sample_pickle.dat','rb') as f:
    n = pickle.load(f)
    for i in range(n):
        x = pickle.load(f) #读取并反序列化每个数据
        print(x) 

import struct
sn = struct.pack('if?', 123, 114.514, True) 
s = "胡桃我真的好喜欢你啊！"
# 序列化，i表示整数，f表示实数，?表示逻辑值
# i -> i, f -> 114.514 , ? -> True
with open('sample_struct.dat','wb') as f:
    f.write(sn)
    f.write(s.encode()) #字符串需要编码为字节串再写入文件

with open('sample_struct.dat','rb') as f:
    sn = f.read(9)
    n, x, b1 = struct.unpack('if?', sn) #使用指定格式反序列化
    print('n=',n,'x=',x， 'b1=', b1)
    s = f.read(9).decode()
    print('s=', s)

import shelve
zhangsan = {'age':38,'sex':'Male','address':'SDIBT'}
lisi = {'age':40,'sex':'Male','qq':'1234567','tel':'7654321'}
with shelve.open('shelve_test.dat') as fp:
    fp['zhangsan'] = zhangsan # 像操作字典一样把数据写入文件
    fp['lisi'] = lisi
    for i in range(5):
        fp[str(i)] = str(i)

with shelve.open('shelve_test.dat') as fp:
    print(fp['zhangsan']) #读取并显示文件内容
    print(fp['zhangsan']['age'])
    print(fp['lisi']['qq'])
    print(fp['3'])

import marshal #导入模块
x = [30, 5.0, [1, 2, 3], (4, 5, 6), {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, {8, 9, 7}]
with open('test.dat', 'wb') as fp: #创建二进制文件
    marshal.dump(len(x), fp) #先写入对象个数
    for item in x:
        marshal.dump(item,fp) #把列表中的对象依次序列化并写入文件

with open('test.dat','rb') as fp: #打开二进制文件
    n = marshal.load(fp) #获取对象个数
    for i in range(n):
        print(marshal.load(fp)) #反序列化，输出结果

import openpyxl
from openpyxl import Workbook
fn = r'f:\test.xlsx' #文件名
wb = Workbook() #创建工作簿
ws = wb.create_sheet(title='你好，世界') #创建工作表
ws['A1'] = '这是第一个单元格' #单元格赋值
ws['B1'] = 3.1415926
wb.save(fn) #保存Excel文件
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(fn) #打开已有的Excel文件
ws = wb.worksheets[1] #打开指定索引的工作表
print(ws['A1'].value) #读取并输出指定单元格的值ws.append([1,2,3,4,5]) #添加一行数据
ws.merge_cells('F2:F3') #合并单元格
ws['F2'] = "=sum(A2:E2)" #写入公式
for r in range(10,15):
for c in range(3,8):
ws.cell(row=r, column=c, value=r*c) #写入单元格数据
wb.save(fn)

from openpyxl import Workbook
def main(txtFileName):
    new_XlsxFileName = txtFileName[:-3] + 'xlsx'
    wb = Workbook()
    ws = wb.worksheets[0]
    with open(txtFileName) as fp:
        for line in fp:
            line = line.strip().split(',')
            ws.append(line)
    wb.save(new_XlsxFileName)
main('test.txt')